KATCHAR
SCIENTIFIC PERIODICAL
II, 2022
Recommended by the Scientific Council of the International
Scientific–Educational Center of NAS RA
TARON SIMONYAN
Docent at the Yerevan State University, Chair of Theory and History of State and Law
Ph.D. in Legal sciences
ANI SARGSYAN
Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia
Legal expert YSU, Applicant
TYPES OF ABSENTEEISM: THE WAYS OF INCREASING THE CITIZENS' POLITICAL ACTIVITY
Abstract
This article is devoted to the research on the phenomenon of absenteeism and its influence on the electoral process.
The aim of the article is to present the types of absenteeism, the causes of occurrence of absenteeism, and the ways of overcoming absenteeism. It is necessary to mention the becoming of absenteeism into the subject of study by sociologists, politicians, and later lawyers.
According to Article 4 of the Constitutional law of RA "Electoral Code": "Elections shall be held on the basis of the principles of free and voluntary exercise of the right of suffrage. No one shall have the right to force an elector to vote for or against a candidate (a political party) or have the right to force an elector to participate or not to participate in elections."
The phenomenon of absenteeism has arisen from the above-mentioned principle and has become a means of boycotting elections. It is necessary to choose a certain way to overcome absenteeism which would not doubt the implementation of the principle of free and voluntary exercise of the right of suffrage, as well as other principles typical to a democratic state.
The results of the article are based on the experience of foreign countries, the degree of voters’ participation during the elections held in a number of countries (presidential, parliamentary), and especially the degree of voters’ participation in the elections in the Republic of Armenia, and how it has changed.
The results of the research allow us to conclude that there are three main ways to
overcome voter absenteeism: to define the obligation of citizens to vote during elections, to exclude both the minimum electoral threshold and the requirement to consider the election valid, and to develop the legal culture of the electorate, to strengthen the citizens' confidence in the elections and in the realization of the importance of their participation in the process of the state government.
Keywords and phrases։ absenteeism, political activity, electoral process, degree of voters’ participation, legitimate authority.
EMMA KOSTANYAN
Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan
Researcher “Chess” Scientific Research Institute
ANNA CHARCHYAN
Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan
Lecturer at Department of Special and Inclusive Education
PhD of pedagogical science
THE ADAPTATION OF CHESS ASSIGNMENTS FOR STUDENTS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
Abstract
Nowadays the participation and the involvement of children with special needs is the main issues of education. The learning environment, learning process, psychological and pedagogical approaches are adapted for children with special needs, their opportunities and development features.
We underline for the effective organizing of learning process from the teacher is required
creative approaches, appropriate methodology, teaching with interesting and different methods, working on children’s practical capacities.
The development of children with special needs is endless and continuous process. We need to create developer environment during the lessons in the school and home.
For the organizing effective chess lessons, for the participation and involvement of
children with special educational needs teacher should have comprehensive knowledge, cooperative approaches, pedagogical means and tricks.
For the expansion of the cognitive area of SEN children we offer to use chess game-tasks to develop critical and creative thinking.
It is important to take into account the variety of abilities of SEN children and plan the lesson according that fact, use more flexible approaches to make chess assignments suitable them.
In our research we take out the needs of chess teachers having some teaching experience and we study the suggestions they have about chess teaching in public schools. We introduce our research results with tables where we show which difficulties they have during teaching the children with special educational needs. Taking into account the data of the research as a result a system of tasks has been created, which will contribute to the increase of the efficiency of studying chess with SEN students.
Keywords and phrases: Inclusive education, children with special needs, accommodation of learning materials, chess assignments.
ASYA BERBERYAN
Head of the Department of Psychology of the Russian-Armenian University
Doctor of Psychology, Professor
LUSINE POGHOSYAN
Applicant of the Department of Psychology of
the Russian-Armenian University
DYNAMICS OF INTELLIGENCE AND MOTIVATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE PROCESS OF A FORMATIVE EXPERIMENT
Abstract
The progress of society in recent years has not bypassed the educational environment. The problem of personal development of the primary generation is increasingly being discussed in psychological and pedagogical communities. Excessive requirements for schoolchildren do not always correspond to their age-related psychological characteristics, because the modern school curriculum requires schoolchildren to carry out large intellectual loads. The problem of educating personal qualities in primary schoolchildren that contribute to successful schooling remains relevant. Therefore, it is important that when attending school, children are psychologically ready for new social conditions, schooling.
The article presents the results of a psychological experiment with primary schoolchildren. The study focuses on the polymodality of perception as an important
aspect of the educational and cognitive process, the driving factor of which is the intelligence and motivation of schoolchildren.
The practical value of the study lies in the fact that by purposefully developing
perception (auditory and visual channels) through interaction with the kinesthetic modality, it is possible to increase the overall level of intelligence and motivation of primary schoolchildren.
Keywords and phrases: primary schoolchild, formative experiment, movable games, motivation, intelligence.
REASONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE "ALGERIA CRISIS". THE ATTEMPTS AT A POLITICAL SETTLEMENT IN 1991-1995
ARAM GASPARYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia,
Institute of Oriental Studies, Department of Arabic Countries,
Leading Researcher, Ph.D. in Historical Sciences
Abstract
Algeria's domestic political environment began to change rapidly in 1989
February, after the adoption of the new Constitution, article 40 of which guaranteed the right to form political unions. This democratic process led to the legalization and further strengthening of many parties, including the Islamic.
The purpose of this article is to present the socio-political developments in Algeria, which emerged as a result of the widespread Islamic movements in the country. The systemic crisis in Algeria during this period was one of the most important factors that significantly influenced the spreading of extremist Islamic ideologies in society. The Islamic movement united around the Islamic Salvation Front in a very short time and the latter became the most influential, strong Islamic organization whose primary goal was the Islamization of Algeria. In this context, special emphasis has been required on the role of the army in resolving the Algerian crisis. Due to the peculiarities of historical development, the army had a special role in the political life of the country, it was the only real force that was able to maintain the secular system established in Algeria.
The attempts to resolve the economic, political, and social consequences of the
armed struggle launched by the authorities against the Islamists are also studied in this article. The steps taken by the authorities and the opposition parties in the peaceful settlement of the "Algerian crisis" are considered separately. It is noteworthy that despite the fact that the supporters of the Islamization of the country were a huge and influential force, nevertheless, the authorities managed to maintain the established system of the government, preventing the further development of the Islamic extremist movements in the country.
Keywords and phrases: Algerian crisis, Front Islamique du Salut, army, Islam, parties, conflict.
GOHAR GRIGORYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Head of the Chair of Foreign Languages
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
PRINCIPLES OF CROSS-LINGUISTIC CULTURAL COMPARISON OF ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH EMOTIONAL-ATTITUDINAL EXPRESSIONS
Abstract
Historically, there have been two approaches to interjections. First, as
spontaneous verbal expressions that denoted emotional or mental states, later they were seen within the framework of verbal description. And indeed, interjections have natural expressive and symbolic-relative and communicative contents, which theoretically need to be reconciled to replace the contradiction between the mentioned approaches with a transition. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine emotional-attitudinal expressions (hereinafter EAEs) not only from the point of view of a single language but also from the point of view of cross-linguistic and intercultural comparison.
It is possible to study both semantic-pragmatic features of interjections and
modal words of Armenian and English from three perspectives. a.what they convey;
b. how they relate to general conversation;
c. what language structure they can have.
F. Ameka [1, p101-118] and A. Wierzbicka [2, pp. 155-192] claim that they are
semantically diverse linguistic units and have a certain conceptual content.
Another group of linguists, for example, E. Goffman, believes that they are tokens in a broad sense devoid of linguistic meaning [3, pp. 115-157], as they can only exist with
the help of accent and paralinguistic means.
These two approaches allow us to assume that EAEs have a border location between linguistic and non-linguistic forms of human activity.
The article comprises the obvious cross-linguistic commonalities such as onomatopoeic words, more complex communicative expressions, volitional and epistemic emotional-attitudinal expressions, volitional-communicative features, and not only not always primary-speech emotional-attitudinal expressions. Another feature of cross-cultural pairing is the ratio of emotional and evaluative, in other words, spontaneous-unconscious and conscious-attitudinal components in EAEs.
Thus, in addition to well-known structural, syntactic and communicative approaches, EAEs can be classified in a cross-linguistic comparison according to the
following linguistic and cognitive features.
1) degree of consciousness; 2) address; 3) the value attitude towards the reported material
It is also possible to classify EAEs by types of emotions and attitudes/feelings. So,
all EAEs can be classified according to the features mentioned above, one of which has a cognitive, the other- public-cultural, and two have communicative significance. Each othese classes has its order and is presented as the basis of a complex cross-linguistic pairing of EAEs. To what extent will it be possible to typify EAEs containing this or that set of features as communicative units? It will be possible to find out only through the cross-linguistic comparison of specific examples and quantitative studies of linguistic data.
Keywords and phrases: Emotional-attitudinal expressions, cross-linguistic comparison, cognitive features, degree of consciousness, spontaneous expressions, communicative significance.
MERI SARGSYAN
National Academy of Sciencies of the Republic of Armenia,
International Scientific-Educational Center, Scientific Secretary,
Institute of Language after H. Acharyan, Senior Researcher,
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
GENDER FEATURES OF MALE AND FEMALE SPEECH IN ARMENIAN LANGUAGE
Abstract
The issue of the status of women and men in society has always been and remains the focus of gender research. Gender subordination is often associated with gender roles. One of the achievements of gender studies in linguistics is the confirmation that even if men and women were born, raised, and lived in the same social environment, they speak different "languages" and perceive the same situation differently, knowing the world differently.
Now gender approaches have an extensive scope, and gender behavior is also subjected to deep analysis. Several scientific studies have been conducted to examine the written and oral communication behavior and speech of men and women. Not only gender characteristics were taken into account, but also age, speech perception characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The analysis of men's and women's speech is often the subject of research, and the speech of different gender groups has its features.
Data from similar scientific studies are widely distributed, reinforcing the
understanding of differences in spoken communication between men and women. Accordingly, the most common communication genre among men is conversation- information, and among women - personal conversations and dialogue. This difference in genders' psyche has various manifestations in dialect speech. The emotionality of verbal communication is first of all expressed by the tone. Suppose men's speech is more restrained and abrupt. In that case, women's speech is usually more expressive, manifested by the rise and fall of the voice and the prolonged pronunciation of individual syllables. It turns out that men rarely interrupt each other and do not differ from the weaker sex in their talkativeness. Women ask questions and apologize more often. Women need to talk about details when communicating information.
Our research surveyed people living in different administrative-territorial units of the Republic of Armenia. We included people of varying age groups of different genders from the capital city of Yerevan and ten regions of Armenia. The total number of respondents is 360, of which 60 are from the capital Yerevan and 30 from each region. We conducted surveys among people aged 15-65. This article presents the results of the sociolinguistic examination of the linguistic community (60 native speakers) who participated in the survey from the capital city of Yerevan. We made the gender distribution proportional: out of 60 speakers, 30 are male, and 30 are female. To carry out the research, we used observation and survey methods. Since gender differences, similarities, and speech characteristics are more attractive in the scope of our study, there was no need for video recordings and full speech registration. Therefore, we wrote down the essential parts of the speech for our research, and the respondents filled out anonymous questionnaires. We presented the collected data in the form of tables and grouped them. Accordingly, we evaluated the collected material using the method of mathematical statistics, based on which it was possible to record the gender characteristics of women's and men's speech in the Armenian language.
Our surveys provide an opportunity to identify common gender characteristics of men's and women's speech, such as differences in pronunciation, intonation, emotionality of speech, preferred grammatical structures and words, and more.
Keywords and phrases: gender research, male speech, female speech, gender characteristics of language, gender differences in speech.
NAIRA HAMBARDZUMYAN
Ph.D., Associate Professor,
Institute of Literature after Manuk Abeghian, NAS RA
SIRANUSH PARSADANYAN
Ph.D. Student, Junior Research Fellow
Institute of Literature after Manuk Abeghyan, NAS RA
siranush.parsadanyan.2014@mail.ru
THE ISSUE OF WOMAN-SUBJECT-IDENTITY
AS AN ATTEMPT TOWARDS SELF-REPRESENTATION OF GENDER
Abstract
The aim of the research is to examine the features of woman-subject’s11 [15, p.
900] self-representation, as well as the identification of the gender peculiarities of
women’s literature in the poems of female authors who lived and worked in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. In the present study the poems are analysed in terms of the gender stereotypes of femininity and masculinity.
The actuality of the paper is conditioned by the attempt and analysis of the subjective manifestations of consciousness of female authors and the problem of woman - subject - identity as a presence of writing. Such kind of analysis has been attempted for the first time.
Generalizing the binary gender manifestations of femininity and masculinity, we
notice that they are revealed through aesthetic images, are peculiar to the consciousness of female authors and are expressed through the poetics of their works. Therefore, these texts were viewed from two perspectives: a. expression of gender-related world-image, b. presentation of a definite gender-related problem.
Summarizing the study scientifically and theoretically, it should be noted that in the
Ottoman Empire female discourse in various literary genres is revealed through structural and paradigmatic specific ethnic elements, therefore, a serious study of the poetics and typology of women’s writings with new methodological principles is required.
Keywords and phrases: gender, femininity, masculinity, woman-subject, gender mask, subjectivity, women’s writing.
RUZANNA BAGHRAMYAN
Armenian State University of Economics Lecturer rouzannabaghramyan@gmail.com
LUSINE HARUTYUNYAN
Armenian State University of Economics Head of the Chair of Languages
Doctor of Philology, Professor
lusineharutyunyan100@yahoo.com
THE MENTAL MODEL AS A MEDIUM TO INFLUENCE AND DIRECT BUSINESS DISCOURSE
Abstract
The paper aims to analyze the reproduction of mental models in business communication, highlighting the sociocognitive aspect of discourse both on personal and social levels. Discourse is a complex cognitive activity, which, according to some researchers (Graesser, Millis, van Dijk and Kintsch), comprises 5 levels; 1. surface code (words and syntax), 2. text base (semantic representation of the text), 3. situation model (all explicit and implicit factors about discourse), 4. genre and rhetorical structure (narration, description, argumentation, etc. and corresponding rhetorical structures) and 5. pragmatic communication (setting, time, place, social status of the participants, etc.). Discourse is comprehended and activated in accordance with external and internal factors inextricably intertwined in one particular situation. The social dimension of discourse in conjunction with cognitive processes hugely contributes to the formation of mental models that can affect the course of any interaction. Mental models are subjective representations based on personal cognitive processes. The cognitive processes in one’s mind (thinking, perceiving, understanding, feeling) create mental models, which are underpinned by the empirical data that one has in his mind or by the acquired knowledge that can be later utilized in various situational discourses. On the one hand, mental models are construed as a form or part of ideology, however, one can detect discrepancies between the ideology shared by a group, society, company, etc. and ideologically based personal attitudes (mental models). The discursive dimension of ideology presupposes cognitive processes in various social situations which makes ideologies susceptible to different interpretations. Values and merits that constitute the foundation of a particular ideology within a group or society are subject to certain alterations in order to minimize the risk of becoming anachronistic since its foremost aim is not only to anchor to its values and merits but also to expand the scope of the people who will share the same ideology. To achieve the above- mentioned goal, one needs discourse as the most effective tool available to target a larger number of “prospective ideologists”. For instance, the discrepancies that may exist between the ideology and mental models can be reduced or eliminated by finding a common base acknowledged by all participants in the communication process. It can be a cultural, social, historical, or even business ground that will be able to persuade participants of the interaction to debate, discuss and achieve mutually beneficial solutions. Since the purpose of this research is to demonstrate how mental models are activated in business discourse, the scope of the research is narrowed to the analysis of the communicative and ongoing business situations by applying SCDS (Sociocognitive Discourse Studies) approach. SCDS is a multidisciplinary type of Critical Discourse Analysis that focuses on the interface between the discourse and society.
Keywords and phrases: Mental models, semantic models, context models, ideology, business discourse.
PECULIARITIES OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION AMONG PEOPLE WITH PARENTAL DEPRIVATION IN CHILDHOOD
SILVI TARJUMANYAN
lecturer at the chair of Psychology in European University
PhD student at the chair of General Psychology in YSU
VARDUHI PAPOYAN
Lecturer at the chair of General Psychology in YSU PhD in Psychology, Professor
Abstract
The article discusses the results of our research on self-actualization among people with parental deprivation. For decades, one of the most popular ideas in Maslow’s theory is the idea that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized, in his words "What a man can be, he must be" and parent’s love and acceptance lays the groundwork for a child’s success in self-actualization. Consequently, there can be an assumption, that people, who had parental deprivation in childhood, either because of absence of a parent(s) or the failure of the main functions of the role of a parent(s), will have difficulties on the path of achieving self-actualization. To illuminate this uncharted area, we have conducted a research and examined 140 people 21-35 years old, of which 70 (research group) had parental deprivation before the age of 10, and the other 70 (normative group) did not have such an issue.
In this article, we will illustrate some experimental results, which will describe the problems that deprived people face in the process of self-actualization. The results of the research group conceded from the results of the control group by only three components from eleven, which are: time orientation, values and auto-sympathy. The differences were not big, but scientifically considerable.
Low results in the scale of time orientation get those people who are immersed in the feelings of the past, with an overestimated desire for achievements in the future. It shows how much a person lives in the present without delaying his life for the future and without trying to find shelter in the past. The other scale is values, high results of which show that the person shares the values of self-actualized personality, in which A. Maslow includes: truth, kindness, beauty, integrity, lack of duality, vitality, uniqueness, perfection, justice, order, simplicity, self-sufficiency. The preference of these values testifies about the desire for harmonious existence and healthy relationships with people without manipulation. Another aspect is auto-sympathy, which is natural foundation of mental health and personal integrity. Low rates are typical to nervous, anxious, insecure people. It does not mean stupid complacency or uncritical self-perception at all, it is just a well-conscious positive self-concept that serves as a source of sustained adequate self-esteem. The possible explanations for lower results in these scales and implications of the findings are discussed in the article.
The article summarizes the findings and contributions made in our research. The main conclusion that can be drawn is that, though a lot of sources in literature show that people with parental deprivation have more difficulties in the process of self-actualization and less possibilities in becoming a self-actualized person, our study provides evidence that there is only a slight difference in the level of self-actualization between deprived and non-deprived subjects. Broadly translated our findings indicate that parental deprivation does not have unaltered impact on the process of self-actualization.
Keywords and phrases: parental deprivation, self-actualization, time orientation, value, auto-sympathy, unconditional parental love.
LEXICAL CHALLENGES IN ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS AMONG ARMENIAN STUDENTS
SUSANNA NANYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center Department of Foreign Languages, Lecturer Institute of Literature after Manuk Abeghian PhD Applicant
HAYK NALBANDYAN
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Department of Management and Innovation PhD in Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
Abstract
In the study we investigated the possible lexical errors that Armenian students encounter while trying to speak English. This is a mixed method research and the sample of the study includes 38 undergraduate students from the Faculty of International Relations. The data was collected from the students via debates. The debates were audio- recorded and after transcribed, the lexical errors were identified and classified according to error taxonomy. Their knowledge of vocabulary was measured through a vocabulary size test in order to find the relationship between the vocabulary size and error rate.
According to anecdotal evidence, Armenian schools put the main focus on English
grammar and reading and not on vocabulary and speaking. Moreover, as Nation and Meara [24] state, English vocabulary is complicated, with its three general aspects related to meaning use and form as well as with its many layers of meaning connected to the roots of individual words. At the same time, it has been suggested that there are a number of factors that influence the learning of a lexical item and make the acquisition of vocabulary difficult. Potentially, these factors are classified as intra-lexical traits, i.e., internal features related to the word’s form and meaning. That is, vocabulary may be difficult due to various factors, such as pronunciation, grammatical class, similarity to known words, and concreteness or image ability of meaning [23]. Therefore, if the student fails to learn more words, it leads to errors in oral production. As mentioned above, for students to develop greater fluency and expression in English, it is essential for them to acquire more productive vocabulary knowledge [3]. However, in Armenia, after entering university, students take ESP courses without having the command of the basics of vocabulary. In spite of the fact that students learn specific vocabulary related to their professions, they still have difficulties using that vocabulary in argumentative speech, that is to say expressing their arguments during debates or discussions.
Keywords and phrases: speaking skills, vocabulary, lexical errors, error types, vocabulary size test.
PETROS PETROSYAN
Yerevan State University
PhD in Physical and Mathematical Sciences
TIGRAN PETROSYAN
Russian-Armenian University Master’s degree student tigran.petrosyan@student.rau.am
VERTEX-DISTINGUISHING EDGE COLORINGS OF SOME COMPLETE MULTIPARTITE GRAPHS
Abstract
In graph theory, an edge coloring of a graph is a coloring of the edges, meaning an assignment of colors to edges. Edge coloring can be described as function
