KATCHAR
SCIENTIFIC PERIODICAL
I, 2023
Recommended by the Scientific Council of the International
Scientific–Educational Center of NAS RA
ANDRANIK SIMONYAN
PhD at Russian-Armenian University
THE CONTENT OF THE DEFINITION OF THE RESULTS OF OPERATIVE-SEARCH ACTIVITY AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF THEIR USING
Abstract
The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the role and significance of the results of operative-search activities, as well as the perspectives of their use.
The article thoroughly analysed the essence of the term "results of operative-search activity", the various existing definitions of the term "results of operative-search activity" in the professional literature.
The article reflects the list of documents in which the results of operative-search activity receive their material expression and fixation.
The relevant articles of the Criminal Procedure Code related to the topic were presented and analysed in the article, and as a result of the analysis, it was concluded that it is necessary to define the concept of "results of the OSA" in the CCA Law, as well as to classify these results in accordance with the legal regulations of the Criminal Procedure Code.
The article also presents the general conditions under which the factual data obtained during the OSA can be considered the result of the OSA. They are as follows:
• the factual data must be received by the operative subdivisions in accordance with the rules established by the Law on the OSA,
• contain information on the characteristics of crimes being prepared, committed or accomplished, persons preparing, committing or accomplishing crimes, as well as on events and actions that threaten the state, military, economic or ecological security of the Republic of Armenia,
• must be fixed in operative-service documents, on material (physical) carrier, to which the objects and documents obtained during the implementation of the OSA should be attached.
As a result of the article analyses, we have come to the conclusion, that it is more appropriate to use the concept of “results of operative-search activities” in the Law of OSA, revealing its content. At the same time, we consider it necessary to enshrine the concept of “operative-search information” or “operative information” as a legal term in the same law, because operative-search information, essentially being a prerequisite for OSA, provides a basis for carrying out operative-search measures.
Keywords and phrases: operative-search activity, criminal case, criminal procedure code, facts, evidences, results, operative-search measures, employee of inquiry body.
ANJELIKA AYVAZYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Department of Psychology, Lecturer
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT “STUDY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR”
Abstract
Suicide has always been considered one of the most important problems of psychology and psychiatry. However, many aspects of this problem are the subject of discussion, and various manifestations of this psychological phenomenon have not yet been identified. . That is why the professional activities of psychologists, aimed at research and prevention of suicidal behavior, retains its relevance and importance.
In order to identify this problem and represent the research mechanisms, this article analyzes some theoretical and methodological approaches of teaching the subject “Study of Suicidal Behavior”. Both the methodological basis for learning the subject and key research methods and the mechanisms of their application in professional practice are presented.
It should also be added that the discussion of the theoretical and methodological approaches of teaching the subject “Study of Suicidal Behavior” is especially important against the background of the strengthening of psychological factors and the intensity of suicide cases. There is no doubt that the growth of suicidal behavior has a negative impact on the economic, political situation and psychological health of society.
Today, interest in the problem of suicidal behavior has increased for several reasons. First, scientific and pedagogical interest is increasing due to increase in the number of suicides in modern society. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide rates have increased by 60% over the past 45 years, and suicide is now one of the top three causes of death in the 15 to 44 age group [8].
Secondly, the problem of suicide is relevant due to the reasons that become decisive and encourage a person to commit this act. The phenomenon of suicide should be considered as a form of socio-psychological maladaptation of a person [13; 14]. In the past, most psychiatrists believed that almost all suicides occurred with mentally ill people. Currently, the opinion about the mental illness of people who commit suicide is being questioned. WHO declares about 800 causes of suicide, most of which, 41%, remain unknown, and only 18% of suicides are considered mental illness.
The third reason for the interest of representatives of modern science and pedagogy in this problem is the insufficient diagnostics of suicidal intentions and suicidal behavior, as well as the low practical application of preventive programs among the population. It should be noted that theorists mostly disagree on the methodology of diagnosing and preventing suicide. Representatives of different scientific directions, followers of psychological schools consider this issue from different positions. One of the key points of teaching the subject "Study of Suicidal Behavior" is a complex presentation of the above-mentioned issues through the comparison and classification of research methods.
Keywords and phrases: Suicidal behavior, psycho-diagnostics, suicide prevention, risk factor, theoretical and methodological approaches of teaching.
ANUSH STEPANIAN
Public Administration Academy of RA
Lecturer at Chair of Psychology and Politology
THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN PERSONAL VALUES AND MOTIVATION IN MODERN SOCIETY
Abstract
The modern world undergoes constant changes and faces new challenges affecting different social fields. Many societies are not ready for rapid adaptation and decision-making in a changing environment. Those changes refer to social, political, economic, educational, business, and other fields. The impact is observable as well in government regulations and public administration. Because of the transitions happening in transformational societies, the attitude towards working activities, careers, and company management are changing as well. Those developments make an essential influence on society members and therefore human resources management becomes an important basis for linking personal factors and professional demands.
Human resources management needs to constantly research the developments and requirements of the new world and follow the changes happening among members of the society. As a result, the directions of HRM goals are changing and new responsibilities and processes appear.
Personal changes in society members happen in different levels of personal constructs. These may include such personal qualities as needs, motivation, goals, attitudes, and values. Appearing to be the core of a personality, changes in those qualities affect a person’s behavior. To forecast one’s behavior in professional activities particularly, personal factors should be studied and discussed. They influence the professional development process, professional performance, and productivity.
During our research, we have tried to find correlations between society changes, human resources management, and personal factors. For this purpose, we have pointed out the main global and local changes happening in Armenia. We have discussed the main directions of contemporary human resources management. To reveal the personal factors peculiarities, we studied the motivation orientation and values system peculiarities among public servants. Correlation analysis has been made between motivation and values indices.
Based on the research results, we mention avenues for HRM development and motivation system improvement in the public administration field and government organizations.
Keywords and phrases: career, human resources, motivation, professional development, public administration, society, values.
ASHOT MATEVOSYAN
Doctor of Economics, Professor
Lecturer in the Department of Finances of the Armenian State University of Economics
Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
ANI GRIGORYAN
Ph.D. student in the Department of Finances of the Armenian State University of Economics
Lecturer in the Department of Finances of the Armenian State University of Economics
Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
RA STATE DEBT SERVICING CAPACITY IN COLLAPSE SITUATIONS
Abstract
The level of replenishment and adequacy of international reserves of any country allows one to predetermine the depth of the country's susceptibility to financial and economic collapse situations.
In this context, taking into account the development prospects of RA, the limitation of attraction of alternative investment funds, the continuous growth of the current level of RA foreign debt due to the current geopolitical challenges, in the event of the manifestation of economic shocks, the need for researches to assess the adequacy of RA foreign reserves becomes urgent to avoid severe negative consequences and economic clubs.
The Russian-Ukrainian military-political conflict has had negative consequences on the global economic system, international financial and commodity markets, and naturally also on the RA economy.
During the conflict, "economic sanctions" were applied to Russia, and restrictions were also placed on international transfers.
The negative effects of the military-political "escalations" on the RA economy were noticed perhaps more strongly because the predominant part of the RA's merchandise turnover is provided by Russian destinations. Russian economic channels were disrupted, international bank transfers became difficult, and "inflation syndromes" were recorded in almost all countries.
Recently, to curb inflation in RA, the country's main money bank has been conducting a policy of expensive money. At the meeting of the Central Bank of Armenia held on December 13, 2022, the refinancing rate was raised to 10.75 percent, and it remained unchanged at the meeting of the 2023 board.
The research goal of the article was the evaluation of the replenishment and adequacy of international reserves of RA, especially in the conditions of current geopolitical uncertainties.
During the research, the task was set to study the adequacy level of the international reserves of the RA Central Bank as a factor guaranteeing the ability to service external obligations and mitigate the vulnerability.
In the article, Reddy's criterion and Guidotti's rule, widely used in international practice, were the methodological basis for evaluating the optimal level of RA's foreign reserves.
In the article, according to Reddy's criterion and Guidotti's rule, the results of the evaluations made it clear that the current level of RA's foreign reserves is estimated to be sufficient in the event of the appearance of unforeseen shocks.
Keywords and phrases: public debt, debt management, optimal level of debt, international liquidity, foreign reserves, Guidotti's rule, Reddy's criterion.
ASYA BERBERYAN
Russian-Armenian University,
Head of the Department of Psychology,
Doctor of Psychology, Professor
SATENIK TEPANYAN
Russian-Armenian University
Department of Psychology
PhD Student
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC IDENTITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS IN ARMENIANS IN THE TITULAR NATION AND THE DIASPORA IN RUSSIA
Abstract
In recent years, the problems of ethnicity and ethnic identity have come to the fore for researchers internationally. Processes of globalization and the ongoing growth of migration predetermine ethnic diversity and accentuate the significance of ethnic identity in both mono- and polyethnic societies. The study is relevant due to the importance of the problem of ethnic identity in the rapidly changing world.
The article presents research on the concept and essence of ethnic identity. The study explores the various definitions of the phenomenon of identity, as well as the types of ethnic identity. The article provides insight into the conditions of the development of ethnic identity and its formation, as well as an analysis of the relationship between the types of ethnic identity and personality traits. It highlights the differences between the types of ethnic identity and the evaluation of feelings related to ethnic identity in different sociocultural environments.
The aim of the given article is to study the types of ethnic identity, the evaluation of feelings related to ethnicity, and the personality traits of Armenians in different sociocultural situations – namely, within the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. To achieve this, a study was conducted with 40 respondents (ethnic Armenians residing in Armenia and in the Russian diaspora).
The results of our study allowed us to identify statistically significant differences in the types of ethnic identity and evaluations of feelings related to ethnic identity in the two groups. Within the titular nation, the significantly prevailing response was “norm or positive ethnic identity”, with “ethnic fanaticism” and “ethnic indifference” following closely. The least represented was “ethnic nihilism”. In the diaspora samples, “norm or positive ethnic identity” prevailed significantly as well, but the second and third most prominent results – “ethnic indifference” and “ethnic fanaticism” – were switched. The least represented results were “ethnic nihilism” and “ethnic egoism”.
According to the assessment of feelings related to ethnic identity, the majority of the representatives of the titular nation noted strong positive feelings related to ethnic identity (pride) and calm confidence in relation to their ethnic identity. Strong positive feelings (pride) and normal evaluation of feelings related to ethnicity (calm confidence) were also noted in the conditions of the diaspora but with lower rates. A higher number of respondents from the diaspora as compared to the participants from the titular nation gave a negative evaluation of their feelings in relation to their ethnic identity.
Correlation analysis of the obtained results revealed a link between the types of ethnic identity and the personality traits in Armenians under different sociocultural conditions. The differences among the representatives of the two studied groups can be explained by the sociocultural situation, i.e. being a part of the titular nation or the diaspora. The influence of the titular nation in whose territory the representatives of the diaspora live causes the duality of their situation.
Keywords and phrases: types of ethnic identity, personality traits, relationship, titular nation Armenians, diasporan Armenians.
ARAM GASPARYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia,
Institute of Oriental Studies, Department of Arabic Countries,
Leading Researcher, PhD in Historical Sciences
THE WEAKENING OF THE ISLAMIC RADICAL MOVEMENT IN ALGERIA IN THE 2000'S. THE MAIN REASONS AND CONSEQUENCES
Abstract
Algeria was in dire economic and social straits in the late 20th century. The authorities' inaction and inability to solve the numerous problems had a negative impact on their reputation. А large percentage of the state and governance systems had lost credibility in the eyes of many Algerians. Under these circumstances, Islamic movements became more active in Algeria and quickly gained unprecedented popularity and influence across the country. They proposed their vision of solving the existing problems, putting forward the idea of creating an Islamic state in Algeria, based on the supremacy of Islamic laws.
The purpose of the article is to present the reasons for the decline and weakening of the Islamic movement, particularly its most radical forces, and its turning consequences on the development of events in Algeria.
The radical Islamic movement played a significant role in fomenting the Algerian civil war that lasted from 1991 to 2000. The government has taken a number of steps to counter the threat of radical Islam, using both forceful and political methods. The Algerian crisis was resolved only a decade later, due to a number of factors.
The purpose of the article is to present the reasons due to which the Islamic movement, particularly its radical wing, lost its strength and weakened, recording the fact that Islamic radicalism could not be completely eradicated. The most extremist groups still exist in Algeria and continue their activities.
This article describes the steps taken by the authorities towards the resolution of the "Algerian crisis" and the factors that made the political solution of the Algerian conflict possible. In this context particular attention is given to the disagreements and the divisions between the radical Islamic organizations, which had the most serious impact on the Islamic movement.
Keywords and phrases: Algerian crisis, Islamic extremism, Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika, "Civil Concord" law, organizations.
GOHAR GRIGORYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Head of the Chair of Foreign Languages
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
LUSINE MOVSISYAN
Applicant at the Institute of Oriental Studies
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Abstract
The concept of intercultural communication derives from the concepts of culture and communication. Intercultural communication studies communication across different cultures and social groups and describes communication processes and related issues among groups of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Intercultural communication is characterized by the fact that when representatives of different cultures meet, they act according to their cultural norms. Intercultural communication is a socio-cultural mechanism that enables the possibility of coordinated human activity. The ways of performing this basic function are specific to different people. The more intercultural communication increases, the more opportunities we have for understanding each other. However, the possibilities of misunderstanding and miscommunicating with people, groups, communities, organizations, and nations equally grow. In case of misunderstanding or miscommunication goes unmanaged, it can result in conflicts, which in turn might develop into interpersonal, intergroup, inter-organizational, and finally, international conflicts [1, p252]. In today's world, effective intercultural communication is strategically vital to global security. Seen as a skill or competence, intercultural communication must be developed and practiced by any individual in the 21st century. It should be one of the most important elements that provide peace and balance in our societies. In other words, and seen from a larger context, globalization has brought about the realization that modern societies must learn to cooperate [2, p308].
The skills that underpin intercultural communication can serve as a natural platform for enhancing international security. The essential skills of interacting with representatives of different cultures (nonverbal communication, empathy, conflict resolution, etc.) are necessary to ensure international cooperation, peace, and security. The development of intercultural communication skills, therefore, improves the quality of intercultural interaction, thus minimizing the likelihood of conflicts.
Keywords and phrases: Different cultural backgrounds, international security, misunderstanding and miscommunicating, intercultural communication, conflict prevention.
ZARUHI HAYRYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia,
International Scientific-Educational Center,
PhD, Associate Professor
LUIZA GASPARYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia,
Institute of Literature M. Abeghyan,
Eurasia International University,
The Faculty of Language and Literature
PhD in Philology
ARTSAKH IN THE CREATIVE HERITAGE OF RUSSIAN WRITERS
Abstract
The present article focuses on the Russian authors’ verbal creativity, their comprehensive interpretation and testimonies revolving around Artsakh, its history and culture. The study is carried out within the framework of spatial-temporal domain taking into account the 19th-21th centuries Russian literary works, travel notes and interpretations.
One cannot fail to observe that Russian creative heritage is abundant with unique philosophical brilliance, aesthetic elegancy, wisdom and reveals the depths of world literary culture. It is worth mentioning that Russian writers appreciated culture and traditions of world nations and often embarked into laborious efforts to illustrate these literary gems to Russian society, as well as to Russian speaking communities.
Hence, the research illustrates Russian-Armenian cultural-literary relations, which should be always on the agenda of scholars and theorists. Russian authors and thinkers visiting Armenia and Artsakh penetrated into the depth of Armenia’s soul, national image and culture thus reverberating “Armenian spirit” in their literary creativity. Among such writers were O. Mandelstam, S. Gorodetski, M. Dudin, K. Bakhshi, E. Limonov and many others.
Armenian Artsakh became the greatest inspiration for the Russian writers who initiated a long journey and revealed its Armenian cultural-historical-religious heritage at the beginning of the XX century. In their travel memoirs and literary works, they described with admiration its landscape, mountainous beauty and its natural resources, their ethnic roots, unique settlements, the medieval churches, the Khachkars, the profound cultural-historical heritage of Artsakh people.
The works illustrating Artsakh, its unique historical-cultural heritage, lifestyle and traditions, are valuable sources that reveal its indispensable place in the world stage as an ancient civilization.
Keywords and phrases: Artsakh, Russia, historical-cultural heritage, Russian writers and intellectuals, Russian-Armenian relations.
LILIT KHACHATRYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Department of Psychology, Lecturer
COMPONENTS OF GENDER IDENTITY IN ADOLESCENCE
Abstract
Adolescence, undoubtedly, is actually assigned to a very important and rather crisis period in the formation of personality. New social roles and requirements related to it determine the need to gain your own experience, to recognize yourself and the world around you. One of the manifestations of such knowledge is the identification of your own “I”, an integral part of which is gender identity [4]. In the context of the consideration of the formation of a socio-psychological image of a person, an awareness of his own sexual role affects a number of vital indicators, such as self-confidence, the adoption of his “I”, social relations and moral categories, adaptation to communicative relations.
Gender identity is one of the main characteristics of a person and indicates belonging to a certain sex. According to the definition of V.E. Kagan [2], gender identity is an aspect of self -esteem that describes the experience of a teenager as a representative of a certain gender or the experience of his correlation with the characteristics of the sex, which in turn defines identity as a system of personal motives, ideals, values characterizing human ideas about yourself as a representative of a certain gender, as well as the behavior that realize these ideas.
Although, the terms “gender identity” and “sexual identity” are often used as interchangeable, they do not belong to the same concept. “Gender identity” refers to a wide set of characteristic qualities that distinguish masculinity and femininity and include personal attributes, social roles, social customs and behavior. In addition, the characteristic qualities associated with a certain gender differ over time and in different cultures. For example, when it was not considered very feminine playing sports. However, in modern societies, men and women are playing sports with equal zeal. Unlike the “gender”, the term “sex” is constant in time and culture and refers to the biological, chromosomal definition of how the man (XY) and the woman (XX) are different. Simply put, sex is a biological concept, while the gender is socio -psychological.
Thus, one of the specific components of the development of identity is the development of gender identity. This phenomenon also refers to social behavior, which reflects various degrees of aggression, dominance, dependence and tolerance, manners and style of behavior, gestures and other non -verbal actions identified as male or female. In general, gender roles develop as a kind of social relations, including in the context of imitating the sex of friends and the nearest environment.
Keywords and phrases: Gender identity, adolescent, social environment, cognitive, emotional, behavioral component.
LILIT HAKOBYAN
Lecturer at the Chair of Languages of Armenian State University of Economics,
HISTORIAN KIRAKOS GANDZAKETSI’S “HISTORY OF ARMENIA” AS A WORK OF FICTION
Abstract
From the point of view of shaping the cultural context of each nation, it is necessary to identify the values of the past, to study them comprehensively and to evaluate them properly. It is also relevant in science.
Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th century historian, ecclesiastical and public figure, has a valuable place in Armenian medieval historiographical prose.
The present paper touches upon the phenomenon of the work History of Armenia by an Armenian historian of the 13th century Kirakos Gandzaketsi as a fiction, where he is presented as an experienced creator of literary characters. The research covers in detail the approaches to the style and literary characteristics of the historian’s work existent in linguistic literature, as well as many examples that indicate that this historically valuable work is also of great interest from the artistic perspective.
Having analyzed the observations on the literary features in the researched work, we can arrive at the conclusion that The History of Armenia by the 13th century historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi is one of the most interesting pages in the history of Armenian literature. The author describes the real picture of Armenia in a very colorful and artistic manner, and sometimes it seems to a reader that it is not a historical book, but a fiction. Gandzaketsi, using the nuances of lyricism and some rules of folk art, historical events, major issues and their analysis, tried to write in a picturesque and beautiful language.
The above goes to show that Kirakos Gandzaketsi was a master of literature and could express his thoughts and concerns so clearly that the reader would get pervaded and furthermore, sometimes he would get carried away with the description and explanation of the topic in a way that the reader would feel a very artistic satisfaction.
The historian was also skilled in terms of character creating. For instance, he has represented the portraits of the most prominent figures of the Armenian bibliography with an incredible precision. The figures are outlined with vivid colors, they are functioning as live human beings and are communicating with people. Gandzaketsi’s literary style, which is founded on national customs and mentalities, serves to resuscitate the aforementioned individuals and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
Gandzaketsi's work draws attention because of the writer's attractive portrayals, which enable the reader get thorough and profound knowledge not only of educational-cultural writers from the early centuries, but also of writers from Gandzaketsi's day.
Keywords and phrases: Kirakos Gandzaketsi, 13th century, History of Armenia, characterization, character, style, literary features.
NAIRA RAFIK HAKOBYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Deputy Director on Research Affairs
Doctor of Psychology, Professor
ANNA GEVORG KHACHATRYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Department of Psychology, Lecturer
PhD in Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor
THE CASE STUDY OF VALUE SYSTEM IN A POST-WAR SOCIETY
Abstract
This article presents the results of a case study of the value system in a post-war society. Case study is based on the concept of overcoming post-war anomie. The participants in the study were a group of veterans of the second Nagorno-Karabakh war, as well as people who did not participate in active military operations. The results of the case-study indicate a stronger manifestation of anomie among veterans. According to these results, the structure of the methodological program is formed which is aimed at overcoming the essential psychological features of post-war anomie. The results of this study are of scientific interest for identifying similar problems associated with overcoming anomie in post-conflict and post-war societies, and therefore can be useful for specialists in the fields of psychology, sociology and cultural studies striving to diagnose and solve post-war socio-psychological dilemmas among the population.
The results of a socio-psychological study of the value system emphasize the main trends in the modern sense and perception of post-war anomie. In particular, among the war participants, the availability of work and an adequate level of communication were called as the most important values for overcoming post-war anomie. On the contrary, respondents who did not participate in hostilities noted safety and certainty of social expectations as the most important values for overcoming post-war anomie. Safety and certainty of social expectations, however, are common to all participants in the study in the sense of the main values that affect human activity in a post-war society.
Keywords and phrases: Post-war anomie, value system, safety, social expectations, overcoming anomie
BAGRAT BAGRATYAN
Master of Law
THE STATE AS THE KEY ACTOR IN NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
Abstract
The essence of the state's phenomenon lies in the fact that, due to historical experience and the specific conditions of modern political practice, the state is the most important factor in the consolidation (unification) of society.
To preserve the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of every country, as well as human rights, freedoms, and other important social understandings (relations), the state carries out operations aimed at ensuring national security, naturally taking into account both its own interests and those of society. The structure of ensuring the security of the Republic of Armenia is constantly and consistently being improved, based on the establishment and maintenance of the distinct status of state structures. As stages of these developments, one can distinguish the formation of the state system until 1995, the transformations of 1995–2005, the conceptual changes of 2005–2015 (2018), and the presence of entirely new governance structures from 2018 to the present.
Keywords and phrases: national security, subject, status, state, society, individual, policy, institution, strategy, concept, threat, challenge.
NAIRA HAMBARDZUMYAN
PHD, Associate Professor,
Institute of Literature after Manuk Abeghian, NAS RA
nairahambardzumyan@yahoo.com
SIRANUSH PARSADANYAN
Junior Research Fellow
Institute of Literature after Manuk Abeghyan, NAS RA
THE PATRIARCHAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF FAMILY IN THE NOVEL “SIRANOUSH” BY SRPOUHI DUSSAP (A SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)
Abstract
This study investigates the male-female social-psychological factors and interactions, as well as the causes and challenges of violence in intra-family relationships in Srpouhi Dussap’s novel Siranoush in the space-time chronotope of the second half of the 19th century and the patriarchal Ottoman Empire.
The aim of the study is to explore the complex dynamics between the eponymous protagonist of the novel, Siranoush, and her family members, analyzing how these dynamics manifest themselves as a social-psychological problem through the lens of patriarchal supremacy.
The problem of the study is to analyze and evaluate the phenomenon of family and the existential-humanistic crisis in interpersonal relationships from a psychological perspective.
The scientific novelty of the study is the investigation of the elements of patriarchy and violence present in Srpouhi Dussap’s novel Siranoush, and of the ways in which national values were incorporated into the fictional text.
The relevance of the study is determined by its interdisciplinary nature. The material was analyzed in the context of mutual connections and relationships between literary studies, psychology, sociology and philosophy with the use of appropriate methods, making this study the first of its kind. It is important and relevant not only in terms of interdisciplinarity, but also those of analyzing women’s issues in Armenology. The study also revealed the social-psychological manifestations of the phenomenon family, which express the relationships between family members in Srpouhi Dussap’s Siranoush.
Keywords and phrases: Srpouhi Dussap, Siranoush, younger and older generations, psychosomatics of relationships, social role, low self-esteem, ameliorative assessment.
NARINE VARDANYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Head of Education Quality Assurance Department
PhD of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
NARINE MANUKYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems
Head of ASNET-AM NREN user support team
International Scientific-Educational Center
Economics and management department, lecturer
ANZHELA GHALAMDARYAN
Sociologist, YSU PhD student
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CURRICULUM REFORM, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CREDIBILITY OF QUALIFICATIONS
Abstract
Quality assurance of higher education and credibility of awarding qualifications are among the important and key issues in education reforms. Stakeholders’ involvement in the Education quality assurance process is very important, especially since decisions are made based on their opinions. Education quality is continuously improved by identifying their needs, measuring their satisfaction, and studying their views, observations, and suggestions on various issues.
This article presents an example of the multi-functional involvement of internal and external stakeholders in the process of improving the "Marketing" educational program in the International Scientific Educational Center of the NAS RA (hereinafter referred to as "ISEC").
The article examines in detail the reforming process of the "Marketing" educational program, including the analysis of qualitative research conducted among students and graduates, the comparative examination of the best practices abroad, which served as the basis for reforming the educational program, including the educational process plan and the curriculum included in the plan.
The aim of the research is to improve the “Marketing” syllabus, align it with the credibility of the qualification and the requests of the modern labor market․
In order to achieve our goals and identify the problems, the following actions were taken.
a/ a focus group discussion among the majors of the graduates of these previous years for knowledge of educational program gaps, current specials, and suggestions.
b/ a focus group discussion among students newly admitted to this department in 2019 to understand their expectations.
c/ the educational program benchmarking with similar educational programs of the best universities abroad.
Graduates with marketing specialty of 2012-2014 and 2014-2016 years participated in the focus group, overall 6 graduates.
The methodology of this article includes exploratory and descriptive research.
It should be noted that the improved “Marketing” syllabus was developed and implemented for the 2019-2021 academic year, from quality assurance՛s point the program needed monitoring and providing feedback, which is continuously implemented. Here, the modern flexible (Agile) approaches to the evaluation of educational program quality were implemented in a pilot version. In addition, the department's activities are organized through the PDCA cycle, which implies implemented processes’ periodic evaluation and improvement.
Keywords and phrases: Education quality, quality assurance, improving the education quality, stakeholders, qualitative and quantitative research, credible awarding of qualifications, “Marketing” educational program.
TIGRANUHI KARAPETYAN
Chairman of “Lusnyak” NGO,
political scientist
A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF POLITICAL IDENTITY DETERMINAITION
Abstract
In this article we present some approaches that determine political identity through the categories of cultural, state and national factors. The different features of the concepts of national, state, ethnic and political identity are emphasized. Analysis of the theoretical concepts of political identity allows us to note the complexity and multiplicity of the identity phenomenon, which must be taken into account when studying it.
The study of political identity should be equipped with the pluralism and variety of opinions to its definition. It is obvious that the concept of political identity is characterized by complexity, multidimensionality and diversity of functions in practice.
In the scientific literature, it is customary to distinguish external and internal functions of political identity. The external functions help to legalize political and economic institutions, as well as outline the territorial space of the state. The internal functions serve as a basis for socialization. One of the most important functions of political identity the researchers call mobilization. The function of mobilization intensifies at the moments of the crisis of the state, the appearance of signs of the threat of the collapse of the state, when an external threat appears or when the state has become an object of aggression. The lack of political identity or its weakening enhances crises situations and reduces the stability of the whole state.
Concluding the foregoing, it can be argued that the definitions of the identity in general, as well as its political component, in modern conditions are subjected to radical transformations, various factors are affected by the process of forming political identity, among which national, ethnic and other regional manifestations of political identification are distinguished. It is with this that the need to discuss the essence of political identity, its significance, volume and content, which are involved in the overall concept of identity, is associated.
Keywords and phrases: Political identity, state, crisis of identity, transformations, theoretical concept.
DAVIT GHAZARYAN
Ph.D. Student at the Laboratory of Toxinology and Molecular Systematics,
L. A. Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA,
NAIRA AYVAZYAN
Head of the Laboratory of Toxinology and Molecular Systematics,
L. A. Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA,
IN VITRO NERVOUS TISSUE CULTURE METHODS: A BRIEF REVIEW
Abstract
Nervous tissue investigation has always been in the interest of many scientists. Throughout the whole period of nervous system research, many investigations were conducted on animals in vivo to understand the underlying mechanisms of pathologies and pharmacological effects of medications. However, some research needs are challenging or cannot be fulfilled with in vivo research on animals. Many methods are developed to isolate and culture nervous tissue in vitro to investigate neuronal physiology, disease mechanisms, and drug safety in vitro.
Through in vivo studies of a particular organ system, numerous influences of the entire organism interfere with the precise scope of the study. Hence, it is not possible to eradicate the impacts of other organ systems and regulations of the organism before the study of the isolated system in scope. As a solution to this issue, the idea to isolate and keep the wanted tissue in vitro ascended. The tactic of culturing tissues was initiated about a century before. The tissue culture technique was first conducted with aggregated tissue particles, which limited the growth with the radial migration of cells from the tissue particle. Nevertheless, this method gave very restricted prospects for the study, which, successively, served as an opening move for the further development of the approaches.
The categories of studies that may be implemented with the tissue cultures embrace elementary studies on cellular metabolism, the regulation of gene expression, and the cell phenotype at different stages of development. Moreover, the tissue cultures can be applicated to immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, tissue regeneration, and transplantation.
In obtaining primary neuron cultures, alive cells are used from an organism. Then, these cells are cultivated in cultural media, where they have all the needed materials to maintain their normal life. Neurons have no capacity to divide, and in the primary cultures, they only grow and expand cellular outputs, which are axons and dendrites. Primary neurons can be gained from different parts of a rodent’s brain, and depending on the study objective, that part can be the cortex, hippocampus, or cerebellum. These cultures, parallelly with neurons, may and may not contain glial cells. In some instances, for example, when these cells are the study’s objective, only glial cells may be cultured. As a source of primary cells can serve both embryonal and early postnatal animals.
Another type of culturing neuronal tissue, called organotypic culture, is to harvest and culture the whole tissue without disaggregating the cells. Compared to neuronal cell cultures, organotypic cultures are relatively difficult to obtain. Still, as they more accurately represent the complex structure and unity of nervous tissue, new tactics were desired to solve this problem. Steps frontward were the invention of the organotypic slice technique and the roller tube technique to culture organotypic brain slices. In these methods, the intact brain tissue slices are plated on coverslips and semipermeable membranes that are put in nutritious media.
Thanks to the technologies and methods of tissue engineering, another possible way to obtain a nervous cell culture is the usage of already differentiated somatic cells. These cells are harvested from different sources and can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells. The latter is capable of proliferating and differentiating into new specialized cells, such as neurons.
As mentioned, in vitro neuronal culture methods have been developed for different research tasks. The resultant cultures resolve many problems for researchers, make the research more accessible, and allow the studies of isolated nervous tissue. However, they still are not capable of satisfying all desires, as they are limited in terms of lifecycle and cell number and do not embody the structural and functional complexity of the nervous tissue. Therefore, the approaches need to be enhanced, and more studies should be done regarding this topic to improve the similarity of the cultures to the actual natural nervous tissue.
This review summarizes the historical development, the methodological approaches, and the opportunities given by two- and three-dimensional nervous tissue cultures and organotypic brain slice cultures.
Keywords and phrases: nervous tissue, cell culture, tissue culture, organotypic culture.
