KATCHAR
SCIENTIFIC PERIODICAL
II, 2024
Recommended by the Scientific Council of the International
Scientific–Educational Center of NAS RA
NAIRA HAKOBYAN
International Scientific Educational Centre of the National Academy of Sciences,
Dr. Sc., Professor
ANNA KHACHATRYAN
International Scientific Educational Centre of the National Academy of Sciences,
Ph. D., Associate Professor
POST-WAR SOCIETY: ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Abstract
The socio-psychological characteristics of the post-war society are summarized in the perceptions of the new post-conflict social space and time. Spatio-temporal perceptions of the post-war period and psychological innovations are expressed in the structure of a person's self-concept and mass socio-psychological phenomena, leading to a new perception and appreciation of the social environment and the Self. From the socio-psychological analysis of post-war realities, it is important to conduct an interdisciplinary study of the social environment, which aims to study the interconnections of a person with nature and society. This will allow us to talk not only about the perception of post-war space and time but also about socio-psychological and cultural aspects of a person's behavior, overcoming its negative potential, and about the new emphasis on the person’s value system in post-war society as well. In the post-war environment, the new emphasis on values passes through the prism of the Self. Thus, the psychological processes of retelling the war events, strengthening the essential realities in the historical memory, become more favorable for surviving the war, if they are accompanied by perceptions of a fair public attitude towards one's self. To the extent that individuals and social groups perceive public treatment as fair and true, they tend to behave cooperatively and assertively, which can have great impact on the correct assessment and coping process of the post-war period. To understand the cause-and-effect relationships of the crisis of the value system in the post-war society, it is necessary to distinguish the values that are most characteristic of the post-conflict period and guide individuals and social groups to overcome the disaster of war and return to normal life. The value requirement of truth is, as a rule, emotionally saturated, which is why the value orientation of telling and retelling different stories about war operations is emphasized in studies of different post-war environments, which is seen not only as a crisis manifestation of the value orientation of truthfulness but also as an important psychological defense mechanism to survive the war. The value orientation at war survival is often expressed through a ritualistic behavioral model; the value slogan "Nothing is forgotten, no one is forgotten" appears, which itself is aimed at the transformation and reconstruction of historical memory in the post-war period. The behavior formed by that slogan implies, on the one hand, the preservation/"freezing" of the most important values revealed during war operations, and on the other hand, the survival/"transfer" of these values to the realm of historical memory.
Keywords and phrases: post-war society, values, historical memory, post-traumatic stress, self-concept․
ARA FIRYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center
Department of Psychology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Lecturer of the psychology department, Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor
NARINE DAVTYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center
Department of Psychology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Master of Psychology
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANXIETY IN PRIMIPAROUS AND MULTIPAROUS PREGNANT WOMEN
Abstract
Improving the health of citizens is a priority for any state. And, accordingly, women's reproductive health and maternity deserve great attention, because both the physical and mental health of pregnant women is a key factor in the health of the nation. Pregnancy is a difficult stage in a woman's life, often accompanied by increasing anxiety. Numerous studies prove the linkage between the mental health of the future child and the mother’s psychological and emotional problems during pregnancy. Perinatal psychology, a relatively new direction in psychological science, deals with these issues.
This study aimed to identify the features of anxiety in first (primiparous), second, and third (multiparous) pregnant women.
The working hypothesis of the study is that anxiety factors in primiparous and multiparous women differ depending on the experience of childbirth.
The study involved 153 pregnant women aged 20-42, 68 of whom were first-pregnant, 41 second-pregnant and 44 third-pregnant. During the study, we used the following methods: observation, questionnaire, Personality and Situational Anxiety Test STAI and Pregnant woman's attitude test by Dobryakov, and uncovered stress factors contributing to anxiety.
During the research we recorded a high level of personal and situational anxiety in all 3 groups, however, we found that against the background of high personal anxiety, situational anxiety sharply decreases in primiparous pregnant women, and in multiparous pregnant women has a slight tendency to decrease.
The results showed that the 3 groups had high levels of both personality and situational anxiety, however, the priority of stress factors in each group differed based on the positive experience of childbirth and the count of parity.
As a result of our study, we concluded that anxiety disorders in pregnant women need early diagnosis and prevention, so we recommend the establishment of a permanent psychological service in prenatal medical institutions to accompany women during pregnancy. This measure will help prevent the occurrence and development of anxiety disorder in pregnant women and will also help preserve the mental health of the mother and child.
Keywords and phrases: pregnancy, perinatal psychology, primiparous, second-parous, third-parous pregnant women, anxiety, stress factors.
RUZANNA ZHAMKOTSYAN
Armenian State Pedagogical University after Kh. Abovyan,
lecturer /Department of Psychology Named
After Academician Mkrtich Mazmanyan,
PhD in Psychology
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ADOLESCENTS’ SELF-ATTITUDE AND THE CHOICE OF PREFERRED BEHAVIOR STYLE IN A CONFLICT SITUATION
Abstract
Adolescence is a difficult period of sexual and psychological maturation. The transition from childhood to adulthood takes place at this stage with all aspects of development: physical, mental, moral, social, as a result of which qualitative new formations are created. The main new formation of this age is the development of self-awareness. The self-awareness demonstrated by a teenager leads to the formation of a relatively stable level of self-esteem and ambition, which creates a request for independence, self-affirmation, and recognition of one’s rights by adults. During adolescence, the formation of self-awareness and self-esteem is greatly influenced by communication with peers. For the process of successful socialization and adaptation of a teenager, a person’s interpersonal relationships play an important role, on which a person’s mental and psychological health and the success of educational activities also depend. During socialization, personal characteristics, consciousness and self-awareness with its components are formed, which, in turn, have a great influence on interpersonal relationships, the emergence and overcoming of interpersonal conflicts.
The article presents the relationship between the preferred style of behavior and self-attitude of adolescents in a conflict situation. Self-attitude, as a part of the system of self-awareness, is involved in the formation of ideas about one’s own personal characteristics and abilities, expressed through awareness of one’s role in society, advantages and disadvantages, management of emotions and behavior. A person’s choice of behavior in a conflict situation is determined by the person’s psychological characteristics, the level of development of self-awareness, self-esteem, direction of activity and value system.
The aim of the study was to find out the relationship between individual components of adolescent self-attitude and preferred behavior styles of a person in a conflict situation.
From the results of the research, it becomes clear that the use of competitive and cooperative behavioral styles expressed by the protection of one's own interests is conditioned by self-attitude, self-interest, self-understanding, autosympathy and expectation of communication from others. And the manifestation of preferred styles of compromise and avoidance in a conflict situation is due to adolescents’ self-blame, high expectation of positive attitude from others and low level of self-esteem. Competition and cooperation are considered active styles of behavior, while avoidance and compromise are considered passive.
Thus, in a conflict situation, passive forms of behavior are positively correlated with self-blame, self-understanding, and the expectation of positive attitudes from others, and active forms are related to a person's self-interest, self-sympathy, and self-understanding. Depending on self-esteem and self-attitude, a person can acquire a preferred style of behavior in conflict situations, which will be aimed either at protecting one’s own interests or at satisfying the demands of others.
Keywords and phrases: Self-attitude, self-understanding, self-acceptance, self-esteem, preferred behavior style, cooperation, competition, compromise, avoidance.
WERONIKA GAJDA
Teaching and Research Assistant
Institute of Psychology, University KEN in Cracow
MS in Psychology
SEXUAL ORIENTATION IDENTITY IN ADULTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Abstract
This article deals with the issues of sexuality and sexual identity of people with autism spectrum disorder. The presented research was aimed at comparing sexual identity between people with autism spectrum disorders and people without neurodevelopmental difficulties. The study included a group of 75 people in normal development and 75 people with autism spectrum disorders. Age of respondents 16-59. Data was collected via online questionnaires. The research was conducted using a personal questionnaire with questions including age, gender and diagnosis; a subjective sense of belonging to the LGBT+ community and the Sell Scale of Sexual Orientation. People with ASD showed higher homosexual preferences than the non-ASD population.
Keywords and phrases: autism spectrum disorder, sexual orientation, romantic relationships, adults with ASD.
NONA GYULAMBARYAN
National Academy of Sciences,
Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
MOTIVATION THEORIES AND DESTRUCTIVENESS PHENOMENON
Abstract
The topical issue for this scientific research is the problem of human motivation in modern society. Various social sciences provide extensive material for studying the problem of motivation. In different historical periods, society treated the expressions of human motivation differently. According to the forms of the organization of society, various theories of motivation were presented, which found their application in psychological science, sociology, cultural studies, and anthropology. Along with the problem of studying motivation, there is a growing interest among theorists and practitioners in the phenomenon of destructiveness. In psychological science, there is a need to compare and analyze these phenomena. An interdisciplinary study of theories of motivation and the phenomenon of destructiveness revealed certain ties between destructive behavior of a person and his motivations. In particular, the article considered the psychological category of motivational frustration, which means the impossibility of achieving goals and the inadequate expression of motivations. One of the main problems in studying destructive human behavior is the lack of applied research on this issue in science. Therefore, when analyzing the phenomenon of human destructiveness, we mainly rely on works devoted to the study of aggression, crime, and various forms of deviation that contain a destructive component directed either outward – to the outer social environment, or inward – to the inner world of a person. Beginning in the 20th century, scientists and thinkers who tried to understand in one way or another the reasons for people's desire for destruction considered this problem in the context of aggression, considering destructiveness to be one of its extreme forms of manifestation along with cruelty and violence. Since this form of behavior (destructive) is conscious and characteristic, in our opinion, only of humans, it would be most correct to evaluate it as a way of human activity. Activity, in particular, professional activity, is an essential expression of a specifically human, personally meaningful being. According to social-psychological and anthropological concepts, human destructiveness is subject to social laws, depends on the motivational structure of society, and therefore can be predicted, and in some cases controlled. That is why we consider this phenomenon from the standpoint of motivation theories. The theoretical and methodological conclusions of this article may further lead to developing certain mechanisms to overcome motivational frustration and destructive behavior of the person.
Keywords and phrases: motivation, frustration, society, destructiveness, theoretical models․
GOHAR GRIGORYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Head of the Chair of Foreign Languages
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
LILIT MANVELYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Instructor of English for Specific Purposes
USE OF COMPARISON ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN ESP (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LEGAL ENGLISH)
Abstract
In today's globalized legal landscape, mastery of legal English is indispensable for aspiring legal professionals. International law firms and multinational corporations often require their legal teams to operate across different cultural contexts. However, more than linguistic proficiency is required. Effective communication in legal contexts also demands a keen understanding of cultural nuances and intercultural dynamics. Lawyers must navigate diverse legal systems, cultural expectations, and communication styles to serve their clients effectively.
This paper highlights the importance of incorporating comparison activities into ESP teaching methodology to promote cross-cultural perception and understanding, particularly in Armenian universities. Comparison activities are structured based on legal terms found in Vasyuchkova and others' textbooks, "English for Law Students" [11] developed for master students.
A significant challenge for law students is understanding the differences between the legal systems of various countries, which are often depicted in terminology. Comparative methods are a valuable strategy to overcome this problem.
Exploring language and culture through cross-cultural comparison enhances language proficiency and equips students with essential skills for navigating the multicultural complexities of the legal profession. Course designers should provide the students with multiple opportunities to compare the legal aspects of different countries. Examples from British and American legal contexts are studied, highlighting their cultural significance, and compare-contrast tables are offered to visualize the legal aspects of some terms across different countries.
Keywords and phrases: English for Specific Purposes (ESP), Legal English (LE), comparison activities, intercultural communication, cross-cultural comparison.
VERA ADAMYAN
Associate Professor
Yerevan State University, Chair of Russian Literature
International Scientific-Educational Center of NAS RA, Lecturer of the Department of Linguistics
PhD in Philology, associate professor
MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES IN THE NOVEL “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT” BY
F. DOSTOEVSKY
Abstract
Nowadays, interdisciplinary research is actively developing. Such studies are of importance in literary studies as well.
In this article we consider the novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky from the position of psychology. In particular, we consider the depiction of manipulation in the novel. We study manipulative strategies and tricks used by the characters to achieve their goals.
Particular attention is paid to the manipulative techniques and tactics of manipulator characters: Raskolnikov, Porfiry Petrovitch, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, Dounia. The analysis has shown that practically all the characters in the novel are either manipulators themselves or are subjected to manipulation.
The only character in the novel who acts only as a manipulator is Svidrigailov. He is also the most skillful manipulator in the novel. We also show how effective the manipulation was by looking at the reactions of the victims of the manipulation: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dounia, Pulcheria Alexandrovna.
Our aim was not only to identify manipulative moves in the novel, but also to show their influence on the plot.
We have tried to categorize the manipulative techniques in the novel. In particular, we have identified the following manipulative strategies: insinuation, being passionate about the victim's interests, familiarity and jokes, roundabout chatter, imposing choice, the element of surprise, alternating questions, emotional blackmail, hyperbole, ultimatum, minimization (belittlement), flattery, appeal to authority, openness, selective honesty, defamation, feigning offense, suggestion.
The most skillful manipulator in the novel is Svidrigailov. He is a rich and unscrupulous man who plays with the lives of others as toys. His manipulations lead to tragic consequences for many of the characters in the novel, and he becomes one of the symbols of vice and the decay of society. An equally despicable manipulator is Luzhin, who also resorts to the most nefarious techniques to achieve his goals.
In this respect, their manipulation differs radically from that of Raskolnikov. They all pursue their own interests and strive to achieve their goals, but their methods and techniques are very different. Raskolnikov, though he uses manipulation, ultimately seeks truth and moral redemption, whereas Svidrigailov and Luzhin act ruthlessly to serve their desires and immoral pursuits. The characters demonstrate different sides of this theme, allowing the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of manipulation and its consequences. Against this background, Porfiry Petrovitch manipulates because his profession as an investigator requires it.
The analysis shows that approaching the novel from this position can be very effective for a better perception of the text.
Keywords and phrases: F. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Manipulation, Manipulator, Victim, Manipulation Techniques.
ROBERT KHACHATRYAN
Head of Quality Control, Higher Education Sector Abu Dhabi
Department of Education and Knowledge (ADEK), UAE
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
MARIAM MAKARYAN
Lecturer, PhD student at Chair of Management
Brusov State University, Armenia
Transforming Organizational Culture IN Higher education institutions IN THE Republic of Armenia: a Management Model
Abstract
The management of organizational culture is a multifaceted process that embeds strategic approaches, shapes and guides the values, beliefs, and behaviors of organizational members defined by the organization. Effective culture management is crucial for aligning an organization’s operational practices and outputs with its strategic objectives and outcomes, enhancing stakeholder engagement, and achieving long-term success and excellence. This process involves creating, implementing, and continuously refining cultural practices to foster a positive work environment that supports the organization’s strategic goals and values.
The article presents a multi-stage model for managing organizational culture at the higher education institutions in the Republic of Armenia (RA). The proposed model for the RA HEIs has been thoroughly developed based on comprehensive professional literature review findings and international best practices, encompassing diverse field-related research outcomes. This research ensures that the model is both flexible and adaptable, tailored to meet the context, needs and challenges of the Armenian HEIs. This article emphasizes the critical importance of a structured approach to organizational culture management within the context of higher education landscape in Armenia. A well-managed organizational culture is essential for fostering an environment where internal stakeholders (including students, faculty, staff) can collaborate and thrive. External stakeholders can contribute to these processes by providing valuable insights (continuous feedback and guidance), resources and support, enhancing the institution's growth and success that will produce competitive advantage in the long-run. It not only supports institutional development and academic excellence but also contributes to the overall well-being and satisfaction of the academic community.
Furthermore, the model delivers a conceptual structure for managing organizational culture. This approach ensures that the culture remains dynamic and responsive to the evolving needs of the institution and its stakeholders. Overall, this article underscores the significance of organizational culture management in higher education and provides a comprehensive guide for RA HEIs seeking to achieve excellence through a well-defined and strategically managed cultural framework.
Keywords and phrases: organizational culture, organizational culture management, management model of organizational culture, HEIs organizational culture.
ANI GRIGORYAN
Armenian State University of Economics Department of Finances
Lecturer, PhD in Economics
THE RATIO OF DEBT, ITS COMPONENTS AND SALES REVENUE OF LISTED ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES PRODUCER DIAGEO
Abstract
Celebrating life, every day, everywhere! [1, Diageo's slogan]
Diageo owns more than 200 brands, operates in over 180 countries, and employs just under 28,000 people globally. They own some of the world’s most recognisable international brands such as Johnnie Walker, Smirnoff, Baileys, Tanqueray, Captain Morgan and Guinness as well as several brands that are important within smaller markets.
Scotch whisky represents 24% of Diageo’s net sales as of 2022, and is therefore one of the most important aspects of their portfolio. Diageo owns 30 whisky distilleries in Scotland, including Lagavulin, Clynelish and Talisker, and control the production of 27.71% of Scotland’s Scotch whisky capacity. For reference, Pernod Ricard are their closest competitor and own 13 distilleries producing 19.14% of Scotland’s total capacity.
Diageo are not new to Scotch Whisky, they have been one of the biggest producers of Scotch since they formed as DCL in 1877, although their origins can be traced back to a few Lowlands distilleries in 1865. Diageo as we recognise it today formed in 1998 after the merging of Grand Met and Guinness was announced in 1997 [2, The History Of Diageo, 2020].
Diageo must also comply with corporate governance rules contained in the UK Financial Conduct Authority Listing Rules and Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules and certain related provisions in the Companies Act 2006.
Diageo is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and as such is subject to applicable rules of this exchange and jurisdiction, including the listing requirements of the NYSE and the rules of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as they apply to foreign private issuers.
In 2007 the company made a revenue of $31.34 B an increase over the years 2006 revenue that were of $26.87 B. The revenue is the total amount of income that a company generates by the sale of goods or services. Unlike with the earnings no expenses are subtracted. The company made an earning of -$0.94 B a decrease over its 2006 earnings that were of -$0.9 B. The earnings displayed on this page are the earnings before interest and taxes or simply EBIT.
According to Diageo's latest financial reports the company's total assets are $46.76 B. A company’s total assets is the sum of all current and non-current assets, such as inventories, cash and cash equivalents, properties and equipment.
The company's total liabilities are $35.04 B, total debt is $21.48 B. Latest borrow fee for Diageo shares on Interactive Brokers: 0.2500%.
As of July 2024 Diageo has a market cap of $73.07 Billion. This makes Diageo the world's 253th most valuable company by market cap according to our data. The market capitalization, commonly called market cap, is the total market value of a publicly traded company's outstanding shares and is commonly used to measure how much a company is worth.
In the course of the research, we carried out evaluations of the company's debt, its components and the ratio of sales revenue, indicators characterizing the relationship between the components of the capital structure, indicators characterizing the level of coverage of liabilities with assets using the methodology proposed in the research.
Keywords and phrases. market capitalization, capital structure, total assets, total liabilities, revenue, EBIT.
MKHITAR GASPARYAN
Armenian State University of Economics
Department of Management, PhD researcher
THE MANAGERIAL ROLE OF THE INTERIM DIRECTOR IN THE PROCESS OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Abstract
The development program is an exemplary strategic document, the planning and effective application of which, in accordance with the fundamental principles of programmatic and targeted approaches, ensures the stable operation and progress of a given institution.
The main hypothesis put forward for this study was that in recent years, in particular, as a result of the introduction of a new management model from January 1, 2023, the number of public general education institutions of the Republic of Armenia in which the interim director has been managing for a long time has increased.
This article analyzes the extended interim position’s possible negative impact on the process of sustainable development of the institution, as well as its contribution to a sense of instability and uncertainty, which leads to a decrease in the managerial role.
In this context, the importance of striving for stability in each system was also emphasized, which is a condition and a starting point for progressive development. It was emphasized in the work that, on the other hand, a reasonable time period may be required during which the system reaches equilibrium, and with the introduction of appropriate mechanisms, it can be useful, as well as a stage in facilitating the preparation of a strategic school development plan.
The analysis is mainly based on statistical data provided by the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, the administrations of the Governors of the Republic of Armenia, and the Yerevan Municipality for the period 2019-2023.
The article also presents linear and functional organizational management mechanisms and the possibilities of their use in the school system: Based on the study, recommendations were presented regarding the management mission of the interim director in the process of strategic development of a state educational institution.
Based on the study, recommendations are presented regarding the interim director's management mission in the strategic development of a state educational institution.
Keywords and phrases: Development program, educational institution, school, director, acting director, management, management mechanisms.
RAFIK HARUTYUNYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Postgraduate student at the Institute of Economics
STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD
Abstract
Risks associated with the financial stability of the banking system of Armenia arise mainly from three sources: the external economy, the domestic economy, and the financial system itself. The latter is usually considered separately since the financial system is a special component of the economy.
In recent years, the banking sector of Armenia has been subject to some shocks and the accumulation of systemic risk, which has led to a higher level of dollarization and thereby limited the ability of the Central Bank to influence the economic environment through traditional monetary policy instruments.
However, a comprehensive analysis of early warning indicators of credit market trends, especially over the past two years, allows us to conclude that the credit market is in a phase of moderate growth, and cyclical systemic risks are generally balanced, except mortgage lending, where there is a risk of overheating.
Keywords and phrases: banking system, commercial banks, financial stability, systemic risk, capital adequacy.
BAGRAT BAGRATYAN
PhD student at the Institute of Philosophy,
Sociology and Law of NAS RA
DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
Abstract
The security system of the Republic of Armenia is constantly and consistently improving on the basis of establishing and maintaining its stable legal and political framework. An effectively functioning, high-quality legal and political system is paramount for the national security of the Republic of Armenia, which should be shaped and implemented at the international and regional levels in accordance with security realities and military-political realities. The country’s security policy is based on the legal and political framework of national security, which in turn determines the vision of the state’s development.
The strategy defines the main values of national security, factors and actions to ensure security, as well as threats against them. The RA National Strategy aims to ensure the sustainable development of the state and society by preventing internal and external threats and eliminating their consequences.
Organizational work is continuously carried out within national security and other spheres of state life. In the military sphere of the state, this activity is carried out by all all bodies of state power (including local self-government bodies), as well as by state bodies and organizations specifically created and functioning for this purpose, all of which together form the military formations of the state.
Keywords and phrases: national security, security sector, governance system, politics, law, by-laws, strategy, concept, doctrine.
