KATCHAR / ACADEMIA: SOCIAL SCIENCE PERIODICAL
I, 2025
Recommended by the Scientific Council of the International
Scientific–Educational Center of NAS RA
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
NAIRA HAKOBYAN
International Scientific Educational Centre of the National Academy of Sciences,
Doctor of Sciences in Psychology, Professor
IRYNA SOTNYK
Professor, Sumy State University, Ukraine,
Doctor of Sciences in Economics
ANNA KHACHATRYAN
International Scientific Educational Centre of the National Academy of Sciences,
Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor
ELEN GASPARYAN
Russian-Armenian University
elen.gasparyan02@gmail.com
Abstract
Modern psychological, economic, and social processes are characterized mainly by stress-producing features. Today, the psyche of a modern person is exposed to powerful negative impacts of social, psychological, man-made, natural, every day, and many other nature, which require special measures to protect mental health and strengthen it. In this context, studying and analyzing emotional well-being is becoming increasingly important. The concept and methodology of ensuring subjective well-being in the context of overcoming stress-producing effects of the external environment, highlighting the deep features of the relationship between social stability and subjective well-being, the search for practical ways are today, more than ever, on the agenda, relevant and urgent. Proof of this is scientific evidence of the transformation processes of modern societies, in which the individual, like social groups, regularly face complex and contradictory socio-psychological, economic, cultural, and civilizational processes. In such situations, manifestations characteristic of the phenomenon of anomie of personality and social groups develop and deepen, the normative system of behavior management of individuals is absent or levels out, the processes of self-realization of the individual, disclosure of personal potential, formation of a constructive attitude to reality and experience of subjective well-being are hampered. Psychological features and emotional-evaluative components that determine the internal comfort and balance of the individual are transformed, which inevitably affects the individual's subjective well-being, behavior, and life. Based on the fact that the attention of the scientific community to the problems of subjective well-being is currently emphasized, it is becoming increasingly difficult to classify the signs characteristic of the phenomenon under study, which, in turn, leads to distortions in the general perception of subjective well-being. Therefore, the relevance of this study is due to the need to present a scientific concept of criteria formation for assessing subjective well-being.
Keywords: subjective well-being, criteria, assessing, mental health, society․
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOCIAL NEUROTICISM IN THE CONTEXT OF INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT
RAFIK PETROSYAN
Postgraduate student, Department of Psychology,
International Scientific-Educational Center, NAS RA
Abstract
The article studies the phenomenon of social neuroticism in the context of intrapersonal conflict. The theoretical and conceptual characteristics of intrapersonal conflict are discussed, and the intrapersonal characteristics that are characteristic of social neuroticism are highlighted. A comparative analysis of the literature shows that intrapersonal conflicts can manifest themselves in different areas of a person's life. They find their expression in both the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral spheres of a person. They can be manifested by a decrease in self-esteem, negative experiences, impaired activity, a decrease in the degree of general adaptability, and other indicators. The article presents the fundamentals of representatives of various psychological directions on the phenomena under discussion, as well as modern scientific interpretations of social neuroticism and intrapersonal conflict. The gender and age characteristics of the perception of intrapersonal conflict are highlighted, including social neuroticism characteristics, and methodological tools for reducing the negative impact of social neuroticism on a person's activities have been identified.
Keywords: social neuroticism, intrapersonal conflict, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety․
AFRICAN-AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH: LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE, HISTORY, AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
GOHAR GRIGORYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Head of the Chair of Foreign Languages
PhD in Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
LILIT MANVELYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Instructor of English for Specific Purposes
Abstract
There have been numerous debates about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), the most widely studied American English variety primarily spoken by African-Americans. This paper explores the nature of AAVE, trying to reveal it as a distinct linguistic variety and identity marker, highlighting its sociolinguistic implications and its relation to Standard English (SE). AAVE's origins are revealed in the study through the dialectologist hypothesis, which traces its features to non-standard British dialects, and the Creole hypothesis, which links it to Creole languages formed during the transatlantic slave trade. Its lexical impact on Standard American English (SAE) is evident through the widespread adoption of AAVE-originated vocabulary in mainstream discourse facilitated by pop culture and digital media. The research analyses the existing literature, comparing AAVE with SAE in terms of phonology and syntax, drawing from the scholarly works of Rickford, Green, and Morgan. The findings of the study indicate that AAVE's linguistics features, including copula deletion, negative concord, aspectual markers, and subject-auxiliary inversion, illustrate its complexity and rule-governed nature.
Furthermore, the study addresses the social implications of AAVE in the framework of public performance by middle-class African-Americans, as well as the widespread linguistic discrimination Africans face together with the educational challenges they encounter. Public performances of political leaders such as Barack Obama, Martin Luther King, and well-known talk show host Oprah Winfrey have been analyzed, emphasizing their sociolinguistic code-switching ability where speakers adjust their pronunciation and shift between different linguistic styles and dialects based on audience and context. Research outcomes prove that AAVE has deep historical and cultural roots; thus, it needs proper recognition and valuation for linguistic equity. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating the contrastive analysis teaching method to bridge the linguistic gap between AAVE and SAE. This will promote linguistic justice and inclusivity, particularly in educational frameworks, where code-switching and contrastive approaches can enhance literacy and academic performance.
Keywords: AAVE, SE, creole, dialect, linguistic structure, aspectual markers, lexical contribution, middle-class African-Americans, identity marker, public speech, code-switching․
ANALYSIS OF WORD CHOICE AND COMBINATION IN ADVERTISING DISCOURSE
NARINE VARDANYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of NAS RA,
PhD of Philological Sciences,
Associated Professor at ISEC NAS RA
LIANA SARGSYAN
Yerevan State University, PhD of Philological Sciences,
Associated Professor at YSU
ARSEN VARDANYAN
Yerevan State University
Abstract
The discourse surrounding advertisement language style is noteworthy in contemporary communication processes. This survey explores several facets, elucidating key dimensions within this domain. The survey underscores the significance of determining the dominant theme and motivational elements intended for brand advertising. Notably, family-related themes emerge as the preference among most respondents, particularly in the context of construction material or confectionery advertisements. Findings indicate that protracted texts, laden with information, lack memorability. The appropriateness of such comprehensive textual content in advertisements is questioned, suggesting a propensity among audiences for concise and impactful messaging. The study discerns the establishment of a distinct influence milieu within advertisements through the deployment of spoken units. Noteworthy is the cultivation of word collocations, which evolved into an indispensable marketing attribute. Within this paradigm, food brand slogans such as "Do Snickers," "Coca-Cola Forever," and "Chosen grain: The secret of the taste" stand out, showcasing the potency of language in fostering memorability. The survey underscores the criticality of word selection and collocation in advertising. Remarkably, the strategic pairing of words and the employment of specialized vocabulary to enhance persuasive appeal exhibit a profound impact. Noteworthy instances include food brand slogans, which are highly memorable linguistic constructs. In synthesizing survey statistics, a discernible societal inclination toward family-related themes in construction material and confectionery advertisements is evident. Furthermore, the study posits that the social-psychological proclivity of the populace is distinctly polarized toward the food industry, a phenomenon satisfactorily addressed by current advertising practices. This research contributes substantively to our understanding of the nuanced interplay between advertisement language, societal preferences, and cognitive responses, thereby advancing the scholarly discourse in this domain.
Keywords: Language of advertisement text, topic selection, collocation, unusual word combinations, compression of speech, colloquial language units․
FEATURES OF ORAL TRANSLATION IN VARIOUS TERRITORIAL, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS
SIRANUSH DOKHOYAN
Senior Lecturer in the Foreign Languages Group of
the National Defense Research University of the Ministry of
Defense of the Republic of Armenia
Abstract
In the modern world, interlingual and intercultural communication is constantly expanding and becoming more complex due to the development of information technologies, contradictory trends in globalization, and the intensification of information exchange. These trends create a demand for translation specialists who solve the problems of organizing intercultural contacts, designing the translation process, information exchange, and processing in a changing socio-cultural context. In essence, translators and interpreters are the means of communication that allow the information exchange between people representing different cultures to be carried out in the most reliable, undistorted, timely, and local manner possible. The training of specialists in the field of translation and intercultural communication includes the formation of linguistic knowledge and practical skills in the analysis and application of linguistic means, which are necessary for professional activity. Translation, as a science, in the course of its development, faces more and more problems related to the creation of mutually understandable communication mechanisms between different cultures, languages , and environments and implies the development of a constantly developing set of translation tools. Trying to answer the question "How to translate?" researchers focus on various objects of translation, which often require the use of various tools. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that when performing translations, the translator is faced with the difficult task of identifying individual elements of foreign and native language systems and finding an accurate translation of the realities of one culture into the language of another culture. Particular attention is paid to the problems of choosing a methodological toolkit for oral translation. The purpose of the research is to present the types of oral translation, as well as the territorial, linguistic, and cultural features of translation.
Keywords: interpretation, experience, interpretation, types of translation, translation skills․
SOME FEATURES OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT "FOREIGN LANGUAGE (ENGLISH)" FOR SENIOR OFFICERS IN MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
NARINE HARUTYUNYAN
Lecturer in the Foreign Languages Group of
the National Defense Research University of the Ministry of
Defense of the Republic of Armenia
Abstract
In modern environments full of conflicts, the priority is for states to confront complex international challenges and deepen international cooperation. The involvement of states in forms of international cooperation is expressed in participation in joint military exercises, peacekeeping missions, and exchange of experience in educational and training programs. The effective involvement of personnel in these processes is ensured by sufficient knowledge of English.
In the process of transformation of the RA Armed Forces, the teaching of foreign languages, in particular the teaching of English, acquires strategic importance to analyze leading international experience, compare different approaches to warfare, and develop more effective models for the RA Armed Forces, which is impossible without knowledge of world experience. In the context of this reality, the teaching of English in military educational institutions acquires priority importance. It not only develops the language skills of military personnel but also contributes to professional progress and the expansion of international military cooperation. Officers must be able to communicate, analyze international experience, participate in joint military exercises, and improve their professional skills.
Therefore, teaching English in military educational institutions should be considered not only as language training but also as a means of strategic development that will contribute to the modernization of the RA Armed Forces and their integration into the international security system.
Keywords: challenge, military cooperation, international cooperation, training, SWOT analysis․
THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN REMITTANCIES ON ARMENIA'S ECONOMY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR SPILLOVERS
KAREN SARGSYAN
International Scientific-Educational Center of the National Academy of Sciences
of the Republic of Armenia
Head of the Department of Management and Economics,
PhD in Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
Abstract
Although in modern economic realities, foreign remittances are an important source of financing for low- and middle-income countries, a clear consensus on their impact on the country's economic growth has not yet been formed. There are two main opposing views on this issue. A group of studies confirms that at the macroeconomic level, foreign remittances often contribute to economic growth by providing a significant source of foreign exchange inflows, increasing national income and aggregate demand, financing imports, and improving the balance of payments.
At the same time, some authors draw attention to the negative impact of private foreign remittances on the country's economy, in particular, the loss of competitiveness of export-oriented sectors, the strong dependence of the economy on foreign transfers, the outflow of resources from the manufacturing sector to the service sector, the deterioration of the balance of payments, as well as the increase in the inflation rate.
After the ongoing of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the volume of foreign private remittances inflows in the Republic of Armenia has sharply increased since the second quarter of 2022, due to new financial and economic realities in Russia and the economic and financial sanctions imposed on it by Western countries. This led, in particular, to a rapid growth in private consumer spending in the short term, which in turn stimulated economic activity in non-exportable sectors of the Armenian economy, such as trade, construction, and services. Analyzing the dynamics of the indicators of net flows of external private transfers and the rates of economic growth in Armenia, it becomes quite obvious that in the years of high economic growth in the Republic of Armenia, a high growth of private external transfers was also recorded, and in the years when foreign private transfers decreased, economic growth was quite low or an economic decline was recorded. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the economic growth of the Republic of Armenia continues to be largely determined by the growth of non-exportable sectors stimulated by external factors, in which case, in the event of a decrease in the impact of external factors, economic growth sharply slows down or even declines. Meanwhile, if economic growth were determined by the growth of export sectors, such as manufacturing and agriculture, then dependence on external financial resources would be weaker, and economic growth would be more stable.
Keywords: foreign private remittances, net inflow, economic growth.
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES ON SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
ZARA MKRTCHYAN
Head of Innovation Department,
Institute of Applied Problems of Physics, NAS, RA,
Lecturer, Course developer,
Management and Economics Department,
International Scientific Educational Centre, NAS, RA,
PhD in Economics
TATEVIK MUSAYELYAN
MBA, Engineer, Innovation Department,
Institute of Applied Problems of Physics, NAS, RA
ARUS MKRTCHYAN
MBA, Engineer,
Network Cooperation Division,
Institute of Applied Problems of Physics, NAS, RA
SHUSHANIK PANYAN
MBA, MBA Post graduator from ISEC, NAS, RA,
Senior technician, Innovation Department,
Institute of Applied Problems of Physics, NAS, RA
Abstract
International scientific conferences, symposiums and forums offer and provide a unique opportunity to raise awareness of research findings faster and more effectively than any other platforms․ Researchers, scientists, students, educators, and professionals in the field should seize every advantage of all opportunities to present their research results. Presenting and delivering papers, real-life presentations, and virtual reports at ISCSs is an effective way to consolidate and share knowledge. Speakers have the opportunity to talk about and present their research findings and innovations to colleagues in the similar and related academic fields, receiving both positive feedback and constructive criticism that can enhance their research work. The exchange of ideas on areas of interest seeds global connections, laying ground for future collaborations. Many who were once simply participants in ISCSs are now working on the world’s largest research projects, writing, developing and publishing groundbreaking research papers and studies.
The new research methodologies and innovations discussed at conferences can be practically applied across and spread to different scientific fields and industries. And all together the high-profile events attract greater attention and participation, increasing the overall impact on the scientific community. The toolset used in the event of the ISCS is comprehensive, varies based on the set goals and the potential investment. In a critical light, this is one of the platforms for marketing of scientists and their results, essentially functioning as a business management tool for scientific outcomes and events.
Keywords: Scientific Conferences, Innovation, Impact, Interdisciplinary, Toolset․
MARKET CAPITALIZATION ASSESSMENT OF PERNOD RICARD CORPORATION. APPLICATION OF WACC CALCULATION
ASHOT MATEVOSYAN
Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Department of Finance,
Armenian State University of Economics
MANE MATEVOSYAN
PhD in Economics, Lecturer, Department of Finance,
Armenian State University of Economics
Abstract
In the article, we have assessed the most significant financial indicators of the Pernod Ricard Corporation, with the aim of revealing the effectiveness of the corporation's capital management. Pernod Ricard is one of French companies, whose branch also operates in Armenia, as a producer and seller of a wide range of wines and spirits. In the article, based on the data of the Pernod Ricard Corporation, we have assessed the corporation's:
- debt-to-sales ratio behavior
- relationships between the components of the capital structure
- level of coverage of liabilities with assets
- debt service capacity
- weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) represents the combined cost of capital from all sources. However, WACC weighs the cost of each type of capital as a percentage of the total capital. It can include debt and equity types such as bonds, convertible debt, distributable reserves, issued share capital, lease financing, non-convertible long-term finance, long-term loans, mortgage bonds, undistributed reserves, preferred stock, and retained earnings.
We have considered it appropriate to estimate the weighted average cost of capital of an organization because we believe that WACC is useful for determining the value of each aspect of the organization’s capital structure based on the proportion of debt, equity, and preferred stock. It is often used as a discount rate in financial modeling, especially when calculating NPV.
Keywords: Pernod Ricard Corporation, debt-to-income ratio, asset-liability ratio, market capitalization, weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFITABILITY AND BANKRUPTCY ASSESSMENT BASED ON LIS’S FOUR-FACTOR MODEL. CASE STUDY OF THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE COMPANY
LIANA GRIGORYAN
Doctor of Sciences. Professor,
Chairman of Managerial accounting and auditing,
Armenian State University of Economics
ANI GRIGORYAN
PhD in Economic, Lecturer, Chair of Finance,
Armenian State University of Economics
ani.grigoryan@asue.am
Abstract
In the article, we researched the key indicators of Diageo Corporation, aiming to identify the most risky trends. For the study the chosen time lag was the trend of the last 10 years.
Diageo is a part of the beverage industry. Its business involves the supply of alcoholic beverage under a collection of brands such as Johnnie Walker, Crown Royal, Buchanan's and Windsor whiskies, Smirnoff, Cîroc and Ketel One vodkas.
Diageo's dividend grew at a compound annual rate of almost 6%, which is far ahead of inflation and more than enough the most income investors to keep happy.
Using methodological assessment, we assessed the profitability of the company, for which we identified return on equity, economic profitability, and net return on assets.
Taking into account the analysis conducted and the indicators recorded during the assessment, we considered it essential to assess the company's bankruptcy risk. For this purpose, we used the bankruptcy risk assessment method by R. Liss, which is widely used in international practice.
The assessment recorded as a result of the model implementation is perceived as a safe financial situation for the company.
Keywords: return on equity, economic profitability, net return on assets, profitability assessment, risk assessment, model by Lis.
THEORETICAL -METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW OF THE GENERAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT MODELS
MKHITAR GASPARYAN
Postgraduate student of the Department of Management,
Armenian State University of Economics
Abstract
Management of the general education system is a theoretical and practical area of social sciences aimed at developing a strategy for the education system, planning and monitoring educational processes, identifying current management tasks, and solving them effectively. Management of general education has become an integral part of the educational system as a whole since the organization and implementation of educational processes are impossible without the use of management mechanisms and skills. Moreover, the area of general education management has become a kind of link between the academic needs of society and the strategic goals of the state. Therefore, management of the general education system is not only an area of theoretical knowledge but also has great practical and social significance.
Along with the achievements of scientific thought in the field of general education management, it should be noted that the rapid development of modern societies requires periodic revision of theoretical management models and their compliance with the current educational needs of society. Modern social demands and expectations regarding the educational system dictate the need to develop criteria for selecting a management model. Today, such issues have already emerged in the field of general education management, of which the following issues are of particular importance:
- the presence of various management models in practice and the absence of their theoretical description;
- formal choice of management models for educational systems;
- contradictions between multiple changes in the education system and the lack of theoretically sound models for managing these changes.
To formulate theoretical and practical recommendations aimed at solving of current problems in the area of general education management there were investigated trends of management models formed and their essential characteristics. The objectives of this study include describing the main characteristics of social connections that form configurations of relationships between general schools and society and constructing a typology of management models that dominate modern schools of various countries. These objectives were formed based on qualitative data obtained during a comparative study of international experience in the field of general education management.
Keywords։ General education management, management models, educational holding, consortium, claster.
THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF DOCUMENTING THE NATIONAL SECURITY
STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
BAGRAT BAGRATYAN
Postgraduate student at the Institute of Philosophy,
Sociology and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
Abstarct
In the modern world order, Armenia seeks to balance its relations with neighboring countries, regional powers, and international actors while simultaneously pursuing its own national interests and security objectives. In this context, Armenia develops and implements its security policy, which is multifaceted in nature and covers various spheres and levels. Ensuring national security is the fundamental task of security policy, which pursues the implementation of such goals as not only protection from threats directed against the survival of the nation, statehood, strengthening and development of public and political life, but also the planning and implementation of unified and coordinated mechanisms to prevent them.
In the past years, various security documents have been adopted in the Republic of Armenia, which, being aimed at ensuring security, have not actually ensured the comprehensive regulation of the issues outlined therein in terms of implementation. Among such security documents, the national security strategy stands out first of all. In this context, one of the important issues in the development of a national security strategy is the choice of a specific methodology. The following two methods are distinguished as the main directions:
- systemic establishment of national security and the creation of sectoral strategies based on it and
- the development of separate sectoral strategies and the creation of a single comprehensive document by generalizing them. The first method has actually been used in Armenia. The article examines methodological issues of developing a national security strategy. The results of a comparative analysis of the documentation of national security strategies of the Republic of Armenia for 2007 and 2020 are presented.
Keywords: national security, strategy, methodology, political goal, ultimate goal, analysis.
THE MAIN ACTORS OF CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT AS A MECHANISM FOR ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY
ANAHIT SHAHUMYAN
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
International Scientific-Educational Center
Chief Specialist of General Department
PhD student at the Institute of Philosophy,
Sociology and Law of NAS RA
Abstract
The increase in the political significance of civilian oversight and non-governmental organizations in the life of modern states is conditioned, in particular, by the expansion of the possibility of applying the liberal model to states through international universal treaties. It reduces the stat’s public (especially social) responsibility, organizational and management functions, transferring them to non-state, especially public organizations, which carry out the function of protecting human rights.
In modern security processes, the greatest political (geopolitical) significance is attributed to those civilian oversight structures that are financed by international organizations and Western (particularly American and European) funds. The activities of the majority of them, within the framework of human rights protection, are also directed to ensuring the national security of states and normal life.
In the structure of the system of ensuring national security of the Republic of Armenia, non-governmental bodies, among which civil society (in particular, non-governmental organizations), including the media, can be distinguished, have their own place and role. Such participation in the system of ensuring national security speaks of the existence of an established democratic system. They are the supporting entities that force the government to take into account the diverse demands and interests of different groups of society when implementing state policy, influencing decision-making in the security sector.
Conducting systematic and consistent monitoring is also of great importance for overseeing the RA national security system, as well as ensuring the implementation of national security policy. Monitoring of the sphere of ensuring national security is the systematic collection and analysis of information on phenomena and processes (specific issues, programs) related to national security and policies aimed at ensuring it. Effective monitoring is necessary for the purpose of assessing processes taking place in areas of strategic importance for the state, predicting future developments, and making necessary decisions. As a result, this monitoring contributes to improving the policies implemented in these sectors and increasing the efficiency of management.
Monitoring the national security structures and implemented policies of the Republic of Armenia, which is mainly coordinated by the Office of the Security Council, is of essential importance for strengthening the country's security, coordinating the activities of state government bodies, developing and effectively implementing strategic programs, as well as cooperating with other states on issues related to national security. The analytical and information base formed as a result of the monitoring, serves as a basis for both decision-making on national security and the assessment, review, and further development of the RA national security policy and the programs stemming from it.
Keywords: national security, civil society, well-being, knowledge, civilian, state.
PARLIAMENTARISM AS A LEGAL PHILOSOPHY SUBJECT OF ANALYSIS
MARTIN MANUKYAN
Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Armenia
Monitoring Officer for the Office of the Public Defender, Attorney, PhD in Law
Abstract
Today, questions about what factors and conditions, legal and political institutions, and structures make this or that system democratic and the relationship between parliamentarism and the executive power continues to be the subject of heated debate. Without a truly functioning parliament and parliamentarism, it is impossible to build a democratic state governed by the rule of law, create an effective system of legislation and law, or form and develop the main elements of civil society, primarily political parties.
In the article, the author puts forward the idea that understanding parliamentarism only as a form of government is insufficient. Referring to numerous definitions of parliamentarism that have existed to date and highlighting the principles of parliamentarism, the author of the article proposed his definition of parliamentarism, according to which parliamentarism is a special system of organization and functioning of state power, based on the principle of separation of powers and the rule of law, with a formally privileged position of parliament, which is elected in free elections with the participation of political parties.
Keywords: parliamentarism, democracy, constitutionalism, political parties, electoral system, judicial power.
